Capital Punishment in America :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment in America The concept of "a life for a life" is "as old as civilization itself" (McCiellan 9). Capital punishment, the legal taking of the life of a criminal, has been utilized in response to three distinct catagories of offense. The three categories are: crimes against the person; crimes against property; and crimes which endanger the security of the nation (Horwitz 13). Capital punishment is still in use in the United States today, but has been abolished by many countries (II 536). The countries that still have the death penalty on their books, rarely employ it . The earliest writings on the subject dates as far back as 2000 B. C., but it is clear that capital punishment more or less has existed since the birth of mankind (Szumski 25). Throughout history, it has been exercised in almost all civilizations as a retribution for severe crimes, but sometimes also for the thrill and excitement. The Romans put slaves and prisoners in the Coliseum as lion food while spectators enjoyed the sight (Horwitz 13). In the early colonial states, the death penalty was applied for a vast number of crimes, just like in England, the ruler of the states in this era (II 536). In England, in the 18th century, there were approximately 220 offenses punishable by death. Some of them would today be considered as misdemeanors and petty crimes (i. e. shooting of a rabbit, the theft of a pocket handkerchief, and to cut down a cherry tree) (Horwitz 13). The majority of these were crimes dealing with property. However, transportation became an alternative to execution in the 17th century. A lot of these criminals were shipped to the U.S. (28). In the early days of our Constitution, the only segments that showed that the death penalty existed were two amendments in the Bill of Rights (Landau 11). These amendments deal with protection and rights of the accused. The fifth amendment prohibits the state from depriving an individual of life without due process of law. The eight amendment prohibits "cruel and unusual" punishment. The Supreme Court has still not determined what this phrase means. In one case in the 1890s, the question was if capital punishment violated the eight amendment. The court relied on the matter that "a definition of cruel and unusual punishment must reflect the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society" (14). Surveys from this era show that a majority of the people favored the death penalty. In the Middle Ages, capital punishment was also applied to animals

Personal Income Tax System In Malaysia

A tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed upon a taxpayer that known as an individual or legal entity by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. Taxation is a compulsory levy that the government of a country will finance their expenditure by imposing charge to the persons, individuals, businesses and other bodies to allows the government provide money needed for them to run their operation and to achieve economic objective of the government. Tax is actually not meant to be paid by all people but focuses towards some class of people.As for personal income tax, it need to be paid by the person who earns income up to certain amount and for corporate tax, it imposed on the corporate entity that makes profit from the businesses. In achieving the economic objective, government will take some action such as reduction in taxable person income by the amount paid as the interest on home mortgage loans which will generates more jobs , encourage public to purchase a local produce, reducing inflation and discourage the consumption of certain goods.In Malaysia tax system, it comprises of corporate and personal income tax, custom duty and local tax. The personal income tax is liable for the individual who has income that derived from Malaysia or received in Malaysia from outside Malaysia for a year of assessment. The tax will be imposed to the resident and non-resident individual in different ways.The resident individual will subject to income tax derived from Malaysia and income received in Malaysia for outside Malaysia whereas non-resident individual will be subject to income tax accruing in or derived from Malaysia. In contrast, non-resident is subject to tax at a flat rate of 25%. In additional, income that received by an individual in Malaysia which income is derived from outside Malaysia is exempted from tax with effect from the year of assessment 2004.Under section 4 of Income Tax Act 1967, income that is su bject to tax comprises of Section 4(1)(a) which is gains from a business, Section 4(1)(b) which is gains from an employment, Section 4(1)(c) which is dividends, interest or discounts, Section 4(1)(d) which is rent, royalties or premiums, Section 4(1)(e) which is pension, annuities or other periodical payment which are not falling under any of the foregoing paragraph and lastly under Section 4(1)(f) gains that not falling under any of the foregoing paragraphs. Besides that, non-resident individual are alsosubject to tax of the amount paid in consideration of a service rendered by the person or employee for the use of property of any plant, machinery or other apparatus purchased from such person. Under capital gains, it will be tax in the form of real property gains tax. This tax is arising from disposal of real property in Malaysia.Real property gain tax is known as tax on disposal of shares in real property companies which owns shares defined value of such asset not less than 75% of the company's total tangible assets.Starting from 2010, disposal of real properties that are held for 5 years and below are subject to real property gain tax which the tax rate is 5%. In contrast, for the employment income, employer is required to deduct tax monthly from their employee’s remuneration and submit it to the Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia.For corporate income tax, resident companies are subject to tax on income accruing in or derived from Malaysia. Income that received in Malaysia from outside Malaysia is exempted from tax except for the companies that involved on the business of insurance, banking, sea or air transportation.Non-resident companies are subject to tax on income accruing in or derived from Malaysia only. Incomes that are derived from outside Malaysia which is foreign income will be non-taxable income. Business income of non-residents is subject to tax once it derived through a permanent establishment in Malaysia.There is a self-assessment in the tax system in Malaysia which required individuals to file and pay their tax based on the time requirement. An individual must file and pay their tax if they has a chargeable income for a year of assessment and has no chargeable income for the year of assessment.An individual who has a chargeable income for the year of assessment, they required to furnish a return for the immediately preceding year and have furnished a return for the immediate preceding year. Under Income Tax Act 1967 of Section 2 describe that royalty as any sums paid as right to use the artistic, patents, copyright, design, trademarks, films where such films are to be used in Malaysia. A person who is liable to pay a royalty that has a Malaysian source to an individual who is not known to him to be a resident in Malaysia and to a company, partnership or any other body of persons who does not carry a business in Malaysia.Besides that, the royalty is said to be derived from Malaysia if the responsibility for the paym ent lies with a resident of Malaysia and the responsibility for the payment lies between the government and state government itself.There is a term of local tax in Malaysia which refers to as the property tax collected by the local authorities for the provision of service to the residents. The property tax is levied on all property such as agricultural, factories, residential and shops located in the areas under jurisdiction of local authorities.Furthermore, the rate of the tax collected is different from one local government to another and it is also different in form of the property rights. Question 1(B): Examine the taxation needs of the present times (locally and internationally).So far Malaysia is using an income based direct tax for the purpose of taxation of goods and services in the country and with international transactions. So, isn’t it better for the country to switch to a consumption based indirect taxation?First of all, what is the difference between direct and indirect tax. The difference between a direct and indirect tax is a challenging issue. It depends on whether it is viewed on the economic way or on the legal way. In this case the interest is given to the economic view only.Based on economic perspective, a direct tax will refer to any levy that is both imposed and collected on a specific group of people or organizations. An example of direct taxation would be income taxes that are collected from the people who actually earn their income.In the opposite, indirect taxes are collected from someone or some organization other than the person or entity that would normally be responsible for the taxes; in other words, an indirect tax is technically an income tax levied against people, corporations, and other legal entities.A sales tax, for instance, would not be considered a direct tax because the money is collected from merchants, not from the people who actually pay the tax (the consumers). A goods and services tax in Malaysia (GST), a v alue added tax, was scheduled to be implemented by the government during the third quarter of 2011.Its purpose is to replace the sales and service tax which has been used in the country for several decades. The government is seeking additional revenue to offset its budget deficit and reduce its dependence on revenue from Petronas, Malaysia's state-owned oil company.They estimated to four-percent the tax rate in order to replace a sales-and-service tax of between five and ten percent. The Goods and Services Tax Bill 2009 was tabled for its first reading at the Dewan Rakyat (the lower house of the Malaysian parliament) on 16 December 2009.It was delayed amid mounting criticism. The government responded by asserting that the tax on oil income will not be sustainable in the future. National Consumer Complaints Centre head Muhammad Sha’ani Abdullah has said, â€Å"The government should create more awareness on what the GST is.The public cannot be blamed for their lack of understa nding, and thus, their fears†. Sha’ani says that the GST will improve accounting, reduce tax fraud, and facilitate enforcement of the upcoming Anti-Profiteering Act.Muslim Consumer Association of Malaysia leader Datuk Dr. Ma’amor Osman said the GST could help end dishonest business practices, but expressed concern about how the tax would be applied to medical products and services. A group leading the campaign against the GST, Protes which objects to the GST because of concerns about its effects on low-income Malaysians, cancelled a planned protest but has stated that they will continue to agitate against the legislation Difference between Malaysian taxation and other countries, they need to harmonize.Most of the countries in the world currently use income based taxation. Those countries use two systems for taxation purpose: territorial or residential. Malaysia is one of the few countries in the world using territory based taxation. The tax is applied mainly over local income, in other words, income from a source inside the country. Malaysia operates under a Self-Assessment System (SAS) and income is taxed on a territorial basis.Income tax in Malaysia is imposed on income accruing in, or derived from, Malaysia except for income of resident companies carrying on a business of air or sea transport, banking or insurance, which are taxed on a worldwide basis. Foreign-source income received in Malaysia is not taxable.In the residential system, residents of the country are taxed on their worldwide income (local and foreign). This difference of tax systems may overlap some time, giving rise to a taxation issue. Some taxpayer may be taxed more than once.There is another group, the United States which applies tax based on citizenship. There will be taxation conflict at the international level. For instance Malaysia and Singapore have a tax agreement in order to avoid double taxation for the same person and the same income between the two countries.B ased on the preceding, the taxation system in Malaysia should be reviewed in order to simplify the international transactions as well as multinational operations between the country and others. This could help to ease the business transactions both locally and internationally.Taxation used as a tool to attract investors which useful to note that the Malaysian Government, in trying to attract foreign direct investment, is amiable to consider pre-packaged incentives, Factors such as the size of investment, level of spin-off, employment opportunities, and technology transfer, whether of national and strategic importance will play a role for granting of the incentive. Malaysia is experiencing an increasing inflow of investors from around the world because of various reasons. One of the main reasons is the tax incentive provided by the government to attract foreign capital and know-how.At this point the country is doing very well to gain competitive attractiveness. The tax legislature in Malaysia keeps updating the tax law very often to follow the country’s development need. Switch tax policy is a need as in a multi-stage, broad-based Goods and Service tax (GST) has been announced by the Malaysian Government to replace the existing single stage sales tax and service tax. The implementation date remains unannounced at this juncture. The Malaysian tax specialists deemed more beneficial to make this switch.Experts also have argued that complexities due to timing and inflation adjustment should be avoided. To do so, the authorities need to switch the taxation system from an income based one to a consumption based one. Under such a system all business purchases would be deducted immediately.Borrowing in excess of investment would be added to income, and lending would be subtracted; the resulting tax base would be consumption. Through the tax saving resulting from expensing, the government, in effect, becomes a partner in all investments; the revenues it subsequen tly receives are best seen as the return on its investment.A consumption-based tax imposes no burden on income from marginal investments, because the private investor keeps all of the income relating to his share of the investment. As a result, such a tax does not favour present consumption over saving for future consumption, as the income tax does.Some economists view the flat tax as an alternative that is even simpler than consumption-based taxation but would achieve similar economic effects. It works by exempting most capital income from taxation at the individual level that is, only labor income is taxed.This proposal, like consumption-based taxation, suffers from the loss of  progressivity those results when the tax on most capital income is eliminated. No country uses either of these consumption-based direct taxes. To sum up, the Malaysian authorities has some changes to make in order to improve its own tax system and support the economic growth of the country.The current ta x system is not bad or unproductive, but just to improve through the establishment of a tax policy that is more or less similar to at least the neighbouring countries or least extend the bilateral and multilateral tax agreement with the business partners, as well as the foreign investors.It is also highly advisable deepen the analysis about the implementation of the consumption based taxation to determine whether the switch could be beneficial. Question 1(C): Discuss whether system of tax on goods and services is now timely and appropriate for Malaysia.Goods and services tax (GST) is known as a consumption tax based on the value-added concept. It imposed on sales of goods and services in every production. The tax consumption which the indirect tax charged towards importations and on the value added to goods and services sold by one business to another, or to the end consumer.The new tax system of GST is considered as more efficient tax system. The implementation of GST replaces the current Malaysian service tax and sales tax. Sales tax is a form of indirect taxation which imposed on consumers and collected by business entities while service tax is a form of indirect tax imposed on specified services called as taxable services when the services are provided to the consumer at the time. There are lots of arguments arrived on the introduction of GST in Malaysia especially from various parties who is the taxpayer whether it burden the peoples when being implement.GST have more comprehensive, transparent tax system. It inclusive of the manufacturing and distribution stages as well as providing a tax credit claim for GST paid on business inputs while the sales tax is imposed only at the manufacturing stage when the goods are manufactured or imported.Thus, the GST will overcome the various weaknesses inherent in the present consumption tax system such as double tax, leakages thru transfer pricing and more. The government implement GST as part of their tax reform prog ramme.The objective of this new system, GST is to enhance the capability, effectiveness and transparency of tax administration and management. GST covers all types of goods & services sold to Malaysian & non-Malaysian residents except for common commodities.Government expected that the consumers will have benefit from the price reduction in most of the goods and services which has cheaper services. As a consumer, the GST will affect us as the prices of goods and services which currently have little or no taxes will increase slightly.Although there will be slightly increase in term of pricing, the government also has decided that 40 basic goods and services will be exempted from the GST such as basic foodstuff, residential accommodation, education, health services, communication, water and electricity, public transportation, hardware and maintenance and more.There are various types of businesses that charged to GST. GST is charged and collected on all taxable goods and services produ ced in the country including imports where they need to pay the GST at the time of importation.To business supplying the good and services, they need to pay within one month at the end of taxable period, it depending towards the classification that done by the GST authorities. Thus, businesses registered under GST can charge and collect GST.The social and pricing impact studies conducted by the Ministry of Finance indicated that the suitable GST rate is in the range of 4% of value added to good and services at each stage of production. Value added in this system basically is the mark-up in arriving at the selling price of a product and service.The rate is indicated as a standard rate which is expected to give benefits and to reduce the unduly burden of the rakyat and consumers especially to whom that fall in the lower income group. A business that have annual turnover that is more than RM500, 000 needs to register for GST, this is to ensure that the small businesses are free from GS T. The registration can be done by manually or online within 28days from the end of the month where the threshold is reached.Towards businesses that are not reached the threshold, they can voluntarily apply to be registered under the GST and the businesses must remain in the system for at least 2 years followed in the policy. If the government implement it in Malaysia, they will provide a sufficient time for business and industries to make them ready as GST is the new tax system.It will be around 18 to 24 months as various businesses have different types of primary activities in their businesses. Lots of preparation need to be done including preparing their business computer system, hardware and software to get ready for this implementation.Who will responsible to handle the GST accounting and GST taxation as it involved setting up business records, calculation of GST taxes and more. Training is needed either done by the government or by sending the staff for external training as th is will increase the rate of readiness towards this implementation.In additional, the issues on transitional of GST tax need to be study as to avoid the double taxation and disruption. Therefore, they need to understand the detailed rules and consider how GST would apply to their own business operations to avoid any problems occur in future after the system is being implemented.Corruption is not a rare thing in Malaysia as businesses has already included corruption prices in goods & services. How does that not reflect additional costs to consumers? Therefore, the government need to take step in controlling the prices.They need to ensure that the businesses do not take advantage of the GST implementation to increase prices of goods to make excessive profits. A Heavier fines and penalties will be imposed to make sure that the businesses comply with the rules and procedures formulated. Towards dealing with the issues relating to non-compliance and fraud, various approaches will be used by the government.A risk assessment programme will be used to identify types of businesses and persons with high tendency to commit non-compliance and fraud. Moreover, a comprehensive audit programmes is one of the programme that being used to all business and this programme also will be used in the system to fight non-compliance and fraud cases.Thus, a business records and accounts need to be audit by independence auditor to give a true and fair view of the financial statement. Prime Minister has guaranteed that there is no inflation but with the introduction of GST, the chain of passing the cost will end up usually at the hands of consumers.The multiple stage tax of GST would rise up the final consumption price which might lead to inflation in short while. Malaysia economic would be more conservatives and tided to move forward for low income workers with a high living cost that can be seen in present time.A good approach can be seen when the government learn and get good referenc es from countries that impose GST such as Singapore and Thailand before implemented the tax scheme. Last but not least, the result of GST implementation could not be seen in this current time but they need to ensure that the GST does not burden the people, especially the lower-income group.As a business taxpayer they need to be alert and aware regarding this new implementation. Organised seminar or workshop need to be attend to have a better understanding and at the same time will reduce any conflict occur. GST awareness and education programmes need to be conducted on an on-going basis until the GST is implemented and the answer from the survey can help the government to make decision and a proper preparation need to be done as in computer system or in other medium that GST will be used in future. Therefore, the government need to give businesses ample time to be ready for GST implementation.

Analysis Of Langston Hughes s The Black Man Essay

Langston Hughes’ central purpose in writing was, in his own words, â€Å"to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America.† Symbolism plays a huge role in this short tale and is used to represent essential ideas. The symbol in this story is Jessie B. Simple. Simple is a black man that doesn’t bite his tongue when it comes to speaking his mind. His thoughts are very similar to how the black society feels towards whites in general. Whether you agree or disagree, many people can relate to Simple’s reasoning in America today. It’s obvious that Simple feels some type of way towards whites, but he remains calm and collective. The author does a great job with using the name Simple to symbolize the views of an average black man. Hughes uses an average black man’s view on a â€Å"snake†, how blacks are being targeted, and the culture of music to illustrate the state of blacks in America today. A black man’s view on a snake is to never trust one. 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Hindi Songs Copied from English Songs - 4679 Words

Hindi Songs Copied or Influenced from some other Song Hindi Song: Gupt Gupt (Gupt) Music Director: Viju Shah Copied From: Deep Forest (Deep Forest) Hindi Song: Chim Chimni (Ghoonghat) Music Director: Anand Raaj Anand Copied From: Chim Chimney (Mary Poppins) Hindi Song: Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (Title) Music Director: Sandeep Chowta Copied From: Exorcist IThe Heretic (Theme) I: Hindi Song: Dil Na Diya (Krrish) Music Director: Rajesh Roshan Copied From: Ceddin Deden (Turkish Military March Track) ....................Ho !!! (They even Copied the Marching Songs....SHAME !!!) One tune, you decide the name of the song............The Godfather R.D.Burman (Started being influenced) Hindi Song: Mil Gaya Hum ko saathi (Hum Kisi Se Kam Nahin)†¦show more content†¦Hindi Song: Jhilmil Sitaaron Ne Kaha (Khote Sikkey) Music Director: Rajesh Roshan Copied From: Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid) Hindi Song: Na Bole Tum Na Maine (Baaton Baaton Mein) Music Director: Rajesh Roshan Copied From: When Johnny Comes Marching Home (Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore) Note: Im glad to see that Rajesh Roshan finds the American Civil War to be so romantic. Hindi Song: Marne Ke Darr Se (Jurm) Music Director: Rajesh roshan Copied From: La Isla Bonita (Madonna) Note: Only the first line of the Madonna song is copied, but its pretty obvious. Hindi Song: Haan Haan Yeh Pyaar Hai (Dillagi) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: Cant Take My Eyes Off Of You (Frankie Valli) Note: Direct lift from original Hindi Song: Na Tum Bolo (Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: A Whole New World (Aladdin) Hindi Song: Koi Nahin Aisa (Dillagi) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: Mony Mony (Tommy James and The Shondells) Note: Again, a complete lift. Hindi Song: Suno Zara (Bada Din) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: You Needed Me (Anne Murray) Note: Complete lift; when they copy, Jatin-Lalit tend to go all the way with it. Hindi Song: Ae Mama Haan Bhaanje (Silsila Hai Pyar Ka) Music Director: Jatin-Lalit Copied From: Dr. Jones (Aqua) Note: The yodeling part from the Aqua song is copied with no reservations.Show MoreRelatedCultural Diffusion: Scope or Threat1932 Words   |  8 Pagesas we are misusing this great blessing, we are having those very little. At first, we have to know ‘Cultural diffusion’ properly. So, what is this ‘Cultural diffusion’? What does it mean? Cultural diffusion is the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another.   Direct diffusion of culture occurs when two distinct cultures are very close together. Over time, direct contact between the two leads to an intermingling of the cultures. Historically this occurred through trade, intermarriageRead MoreBangladesh Film Industry4561 Words   |  19 PagesData Presentation and Analysis One of my question was â€Å"What is it that attracts you to a Bangla movie?† 26% answered â€Å"acting†, 44% answered â€Å"story†, 17% answered â€Å"actors† and 13% answered â€Å"others†. From the graph we can see that majority of the respondents, i.e. 44% like Bangla movie because of their story and 26% like because of acting. The major cause of this is that many respondents think that the acting and story of Bangladeshi movies are very funny. So in order to get entertained they watchRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pagesper the provisions contained in the Finance Commission [Miscellaneous Provisions] Act, 1951 and The Finance Commission (Salaries Allowances) Rules, 1951, the Chairman of the Commission is selected from among persons who have had experience in public affairs, and the four other members are selected from among persons who-- (a) are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as Judges of a High Court; or (b) have special knowledge of the finances and accounts of Government; or (c) have had wideRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesExercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing consists of those activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption. The AMA has since amended its definition to read as: â€Å"Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing

Drug Abuse And Substance Abuse - 2073 Words

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is defined as a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others. (put citation in) The exact cause of substance abuse is not clear, with theories ranging from genetic disposition, a habit that is learned from your environment, or if the use of the drug turns into an addiction, it is viewed as a disease. Drug abuse is often linked to a lack of willpower or self-control, meaning that people who have addictions make a conscious choices to take part in the destructive behaviors. The use of substances may lead the user to have physical, social and psychological difficulties. There are many theories and psychological approaches when dealing with substance abuse. Growing up, I never thought it would happen to me. I was a fairly happy child, growing with two wonderful parents. 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Business Nursing Serious Emergencies Symptoms

Question: Describe about the Business Nursing for Serious Emergencies Symptoms. Answer: Part 1 A wonderful chart is provided which gives us the detailed information about the positive effects that took place in a metropolitan hospital, which has incorporated. An EARLY SAVE program that would make the nurses and midwives take an active step in educating themselves of identifying the important signs leading to code blue symptoms from beforehand and take active accordingly so that serious emergencies can be avoided. They have included three important initiatives for this purpose such as providing knowledge and skills to clinical staffs, a more determined MET team process introduction along with the inclusion of Observation and escalation chart. The chart gives us a clear distinction about the condition of the patients and their resuscitation percentage before and after the entire alteration of the systems and establishment of the Early Save program. If one closely analyses the situation before and after the introduction of the program one will clearly see that the techniques and the methods inculcated have resulted in saving of more and more patients from Code blue conditions that were not possible before the introduction of the program. The number of death decreased after the introduction of the program. Before the early save program, it was recorded that there was more incidence of admitting a patient into the intensive care unit, which portrays that many severe emergencies arose at that time due to the absence of early and continuous monitoring techniques introduce later (Somanchi et al. 2014). Post the introduction of the program the necessity of admitting a patient from normal ward to ICU decreased sharply that can als o establish the success of the entire system introduced. A disappointing situation can be seen in the chart is the admittance of transference of patients to HDU. Basically this shows that as there was no change in the number of patients admitted to HDU before or after the programs, the authorities and the nursing mentors should take into consideration this criteria of unsuccessful aspect of the project and make changes and recommendations so that the future sees reduction in the percentage of patients transferred to HDU (Rashid et al. 2014). The most astonishing picture was however noticed that the number of patients present in the normal ward was handled and treated so well by the MET and the clinical staffs after the Establishment of program that they never faced the urgency to shift them to the ICU or HDU. 2. According to NSQHS, Standard 9: Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration in acute health care, the foremost priority of the hospital management is to produce optimum procedures that would deal with the escalation procedures for highly deteriorating patients. In order to avoid such a tensed and severe situation where the life of a person is at stake, the primary activity of a hospital management would be to cut down the chances of the rising of this tensed situation so that the person does not require escalated treatments. The Early Save program shows that the acute respiratory distress cases of the patients decreased by 15% and the incidence of cardiac pain by 10 %. This showed a high rate of success for the program and a complete accomplishment of the initiative. Moreover, increased evidences of analyzing the vital signs by 15% resulted from the fact that proper and perfect mentorship of nursing authorities to the clinical staffs as well as to the the MET has showed t hat they have learnt the proper analyzing of the vital signs calling for urgency and thereby can prevent emergency severe situation for the patients (Bertaut, Campbell and Goodlett 2008). However, there had been two negative results that can be analyzed from this documented data. Seizure or fit problem handling by the nurses did not show any changes. Moreover, the clinical staffs could not control worsening respiratory conditions also. Therefore, the authority would understand the severity that the problems that may lead to adverse situations and train the clinical staffs likewise. Reduction of code blue calls can therefore may convey the success of the project if an allover analysis is prepared. Part 2: The presence of family members during the critical period of resuscitation of a patient has always been a factor of debate among the nursing authorities and the clinical staffs. This debate has often become serious leading to the necessity of the establishment of a suitable policy for the allowance of a family member in the emergency unit probably during the end hours of the patient (Whalley et al 2011). The following essay consists of a view of the entire scenario of the condition of the ethical dilemmas faced every time by the nurses and the physicians due to the presence of family members in critical moments and also the suggestions whether presence of family members are suitable or not in beside the patients. In discussing the views of the nurses for allowing the family members, one must first need to discuss the beliefs of the nurses on both the categories in order to reach the conclusion that whether the presence or absence of family members is a correct or incorrect decision. For this choosing, a specific emergency would be helpful so that the focus can be visualized better. Here family members of patients suffering from cardiopulmonary emergencies are considered. A section of ell experienced nurses and physicians believe that the presences of family members are indeed helpful for the treatment of the patients (Arich et al. 2012). They act as moral support to the patients and the emotional bonds shared by the members sometimes act as a positive cue. Moreover, there is yet another reason that also makes the nurse to allow the family members into the care unit. These nurses do not want to take chances regarding the legal issues that may arise when the family members think that the author ities and the associated health care providers did not take enough attempts to save their patients (Demir 2008). These may lead them to file court cases which often makes the nurses to allow them. Sometimes, experienced nurses who are also very confident about their abilities and skills and does knows the correct procedures to come out victorious from every severe situations also allows family members. They have often quoted that presence of family members indeed sometimes become a boon that saves the life of the patient. In these cases both the family members and the patients feel that they have been together in the times of severity and that gives them a good feeling (Rees et al. 2004). However, these cannot be strong reasons enough to overcome the negative aspects that may result from the effects of the presence of the family persons in the emergency rooms. In many cases, it is often seen that the family members fail to see their close ones fighting for life resulting in emotiona l breakdown and leads to another unnecessary chaos in the emergency rooms (ODonnel et al. 2011). In many cases even, nurses have even reported family members to be behaving in an informal way by loud howling, beating their chests and crying and fainting on the floor. These behaviors thus always interrupt the treatment of the physicians and the nurses in the last critical moments of the life of the patients when a strong concentration may lead to the success in saving the patient (Lafuente et al. 2004). As a result, many had prevented the entry and acceptance of the family members in the room of the patients during adverse situation. They have also remarked that incase of the family members, more they are uneducated or culturally backward, more is the problem of handling them in the emergency room for they often cross their limits in behaving properly and composedly in the times of acute emergency and cannot be handled properly (Hwang et al. 2013). Often the family members who were a llowed inside often have interrupted the treatments of the doctors stating that their way of conducting the entire treatment is traumatic for their beloved, creating pressure for the healthcare team and creating unnecessary tantrums. From the conflicting ideas, it is seen that they have impacts that are more negative on the patients sometimes seen that it had often created a matter of debate among the healthcare providers. However, one can easily come to an analysis that family members when present may help the patient to some extent for their recovery but in most cases it has been seen that the losses occurred are often greater in cases of presence of members than when they were treated without breaking the concentration of the nurses and doctors. Since life of the patient is the primary aim in the entire scenario, presence or absence should not make a big change in the patients condition and that absence of family members would provide a greater benefit than their presence for the patient fighting for life (Candy et al. 2011). Although experienced nurses are supportive of the presence of family members, but their acceptances should seriously be criticized. A national law and legislations be prepare that would back up the entire debate thereby deciding whether the family members are educated enough to carry on with the stress and the dos and donts of the entire situation (Dyakova et al. 2011). However, this would be a tedious process and might take in a lot of time of the nurses. In order to avoid all the complicacies, it would be best that family members should not be allowed which would turn in good favors for both the patient and his family members. References: Arrich, J., Holzer, M., Havel, C., Mllner, M. and Herkner, H., 2012. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.The Cochrane Library. Bertaut, Y., Campbell, A. and Goodlett, D., 2008. Implementing a rapid-response team using a nurse-to-nurse consult approach.Journal of Vascular Nursing,26(2), pp.37-42. Candy, B., Jones, L., Drake, R., Leurent, B. and King, M., 2011. Interventions for supporting informal caregivers of patients in the terminal phase of a disease.The Cochrane Library. Demir, F. 2008, "Presence of patients families during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: physicians and nurses opinions",Journal of Advanced Nursing,vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 409-416. Dyakova, M., Shantikumar, S., Colquitt, J.L., Drew, C.M., Sime, M., MacIver, J., Wright, N., Clarke, A. and Rees, K., 2016. Systematic versus opportunistic risk assessment for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.The Cochrane Library. Huang, Y., He, Q., Yang, L.J., Liu, G.J. and Jones, A., 2014. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) plus delayed defibrillation versus immediate defibrillation for out?of?hospital cardiac arrest.The Cochrane Library. Lafuente?Lafuente, C. and Melero?Bascones, M., 2004. Active chest compression?decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.The Cochrane Library. O'Donnell, C.P., Bruschettini, M., Davis, P.G., Morley, C.J., Moja, L., Calevo, M.G. and Zappettini, S., 2015. Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve respiratory outcomes.The Cochrane Library. Rashid, M.F., Imran, M., Javeri, Y., Rajani, M., Samad, S. and Singh, O., 2014. Evaluation of rapid response team implementation in medical emergencies: A gallant evidence based medicine initiative in developing countries for serious adverse events.International journal of critical illness and injury science,4(1), p.3. Rees, K., Bennett, P., West, R., Davey Smith, G. and Ebrahim, S., 2004. Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease.The Cochrane Library. Shepperd, S., Wee, B. and Straus, S.E., 2011. Hospital at home: home?based end of life care.The Cochrane Library. Somanchi, S., Adhikari, S., Lin, A., Eneva, E. and Ghani, R., 2014. Early Prediction of Code Blue using Electronic Medical Records. Whalley, B., Rees, K., Davies, P., Bennett, P., Ebrahim, S., Liu, Z., West, R., Moxham, T., Thompson, D.R. and Taylor, R.S., 2011. Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease.The Cochrane Library.

Is Macbeth a Machiavellian leader free essay sample

Not a Machiavellian Leader Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince was written as a guide to success for future and current rulers all over the world. Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Machiavelli’s The Prince both present different viewpoints on how to be a noble ruler. Some people say that Macbeth is a Machiavellian ruler. Others qualify him saying that he holds certain Machiavellian traits but not all. While other people say he isn’t a Machiavellian character at all, nor does he possess any qualities of a genuine Machiavellian ruler. Macbeth does hold some Machiavellian qualities like maintaining the fear of his army, restraining himself from possessing the women that belong to others, and not being opposed to using force in order to obtain that which he desires. Despite possessing these Machiavellian qualities, Macbeth is not a true Machiavellian leader. According to Machiavelli, a prince should avoid being hated by all, which Macbeth doesn’t do so well. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Macbeth a Machiavellian leader? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Machiavelli says a prince should avoid being cruel, rapacious, a violator of the property and women of one’s subjects, because â€Å"†¦you will find [the] cruel and rapacious– men who†¦ did not hesitate to commit every kind of iniquity against the people; and all†¦ came to a bad end†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (19. 20). With the death of Duncan, the other characters in the play become suspicious of Macbeth – maybe he isn’t the type of ruler they wanted after all. The other characters lose all trust and respect for Macbeth. The death of Macduff’s family ultimately causes everyone around Macbeth to hate him. Macbeth’s abrupt and ruthless decision to â€Å"give to th’edge o’th’sword to [Macduff’s] wife, [Macduff’s] babes, and all the unfortunate souls that trace [Macduff] in his line† shows how unhesitant he is to rid of any and all obstacles in his path to the throne (4. 1. 151-153). This is when Macduff finally decides that Macbeth must be overthrown and Macduff himself will not rest until he â€Å"[treaded] upon the tyrant’s [Macbeth] head† (4. 3. 45). In addition to not being hated, Machiavelli indicates that a ruler should also keep one’s people satisfied and content. The people of Scotland look up to Macbeth. In act 4 scene 3, Malcolm is telling Macduff about the hardship that Macbeth is bringing to Scotland saying â€Å"I think our country sinks beneath the yoke it weeps, it bleeds, and each new day a gash is added to her wounds† (4. 3. 40-42). The people of Scotland trusts Macbeth to run their country well, but in the end he runs it into the ground, forcing them into poverty and misfortune. By murdering Duncan, Banquo and Macduff’s family Macbeth causes a lot of misery in the lives of the deceased’s families. Macbeth never keeps his people satisfied, but rather he does things to make them extremely displeased. According to standards set forth by The Prince, Macbeth did many things wrong as a ruler, but above all, he let others influence his decisions and he messed with what wasn’t his. A prince should never â€Å"†¦ be too ready of belief† or have â€Å"too great confidence in others [throwing] him off his guard, nor groundless dis trust [rendering] him insupportable† (17. 3). Time and time again, Macbeth puts all his trust into the witch’s prophecies. He lets the prophecies control all his actions and decisions from that point on, which leads to his downfall. Not only does Macbeth let the prophecies control his every action, but he also lets his wife, Lady Macbeth, make all his decisions for him. She drives him to kill Duncan to achieve the thrown. When he questions her direction she outraged, calls him a coward and questions his manhood: â€Å"When you durst do it,† she says, â€Å"then you were a man† (1. 7. 49). She makes him the power hungry tyrant he ultimately becomes. In The Prince, Machiavelli states that â€Å"A wise Prince should build on what is his own, and not depend on what rests with other† (17. 9). Macbeth takes the heir to the throne which should not have been his. He also achieves the throne by treacherous means. He even contemplates whether he should kill him or not saying that â€Å"Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office that his virtues will plead like angels† (1. 7. 16-19). He knows what he is doing is wrong, but if he doesn’t kill Duncan, he otherwise won’t be heir to the throne. Macbeth depends on the witches’ prophecies to build his future. He never makes his own plan; he uses the prophecies as his plan. Macbeth lets too many outside characters affect his decisions, feelings and actions; something a true Machiavellian leader would never do. To a true and successful ruler, war is the number one priority. â€Å"A PRINCE ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (14. 1). Macbeth is too preoccupied with the fulfillment of the witch’s prophecies to worry about anything else. In act four scene one, the three witches see three apparitions and earn Macbeth not to ask about them. Despite the witches’ warnings, Macbeth demands answers saying I conjure you, by that which you profess, howeer you come to know it, answer me (4. 1. 50-51). What they profess are the arts of black magic, but Macbeth cares about nothing except himself. He wants answers, even if it means that winds knock down churches, waves swallow ships, crops are lost, or though the treasure of natures germains tumble all together, even till destruction sicken (4. 1. 58-60). The numerous murders Macbeth commits occupies a lot \ of his time, leaving him no time to prepare for anything else, especially war. â€Å"A wise prince ought to observe some such rules, so that if fortune changes it may find him prepared to resist her blows. † (14. 6). After the death of Duncan, Malcolm and Macduff begin planning their attack on Macbeth, while Macbeth worries about obtaining more power. When the woods â€Å"move† Macbeth loses it. He tells the messenger that â€Å"If thou [the messenger] speakst false, upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive† (5. 5. 38-39). He realizes in that moment, that he will be defeated. He has no army to fight with, and no plan. Because he is unprepared, he loses his life to Macduff. Macbeth never once worries about or prepares for war, instead he spent his time fixating on other things, which leads to his defeat. Outstanding rulers take on great conquests and inspire others by their noble actions. â€Å"[Rulers] should strive by all [their] actions to inspire a sense of his greatness and goodness. † (21. 3). Macbeth thinks he will be a great ruler of the throne, and he will have great affairs, but he does nothing of greatness or goodness. He forces the people of Scotland into hardship and calamity, and he tells the murders to â€Å"Know Banquo was [their] enemy† (3. 1. 125). He does nothing for them that a good ruler should. In The Prince, Machiavelli says that a good ruler should show that he loves talent and rewards it, encourage his citizens to prosper in their occupations, keep the people entertained with festivals when appropriate, and he should give attention to the various civic groups without appearing undignified; none of which Macbeth did. Machiavelli also says that â€Å"Nothing makes a prince so well thought of as to undertake great enterprises and give striking proofs of his capacity† (21. Macbeth never proves himself to his people. He never does anything extraordinary. Machiavelli gives the Spain of Ferdinand as an example; he did various things to distract his people from overthrowing him such as; attacking Granada, driving the Moors out of Spain, and attacking Africa, Italy, and France. Macbeth never does anything to keep his people from overthrowing him, he is too infatuated with gaining power to worry about anything else. Macbeth does nothing of great statute during his reign, nothing anyone could remember him by, besides his cruelty and selfishness One of the most important ideas that Machiavelli says is that â€Å"A prince is likewise esteemed who is a stanch friend and a thorough foe, that is to say, who without reserve openly declares for one against another, this being always more advantageous course than to stand neutral. † (21. 4). A prince should always be ready to take a side—Macbeth flip flops to whichever side benefits him at that moment. Macbeth puts up a false exterior towards Duncan telling him that †The service and the loyalty he [Macbeth] owe, in doing it pays itself† meaning that Macbeth finds great joy and happiness in serving Kind Duncan and keeping him safe, which isn’t true what so ever. (1. 4. 22-23). He only says this so he can lure Duncan into trusting him, so he can murder Duncan. Macbeth always acts like Banquo’s friend. He and Banquo build a relationship full of trust. The two always take each other’s side, but then Macbeth betrays Banquo by murdering him, because at the moment that is what benefited him. Not only did Macbeth fail to choose sides, but he also goes against people much more powerful than himself. The witches warn Macbeth to fear Macduff, but Macbeth disregards their warnings – a decision he would come to regret. By killing Macduff’s family, Macbeth starts a war between Macduff and himself – a war he wasn’t ready to fight. Macduff is much more powerful and prepared than Macbeth. Macbeth hardly takes a side, but when he does he never sticks to it. He goes against the one person everyone told him to fear. He does everything Machiavelli says not to in this particular situation. While Macbeth exhibits certain Machiavellian characteristics, he does not wholly correspond to the standards set forth by The Prince. In agreement with Machiavellian values, Macbeth maintains the fear of his army, restrains himself from possessing the women that belong to others, and is not opposed to using force in order to obtain that which he desires. In opposition, he lets outside forces influence him, he does not build upon what is his, and he does not avoid being hated by his people, nor did he keep them satisfied. In addition, he neglects war, does nothing of noble regard, and does not pick a side when necessary. Although Macbeth demonstrates several Machiavellian characteristics, he does not bear all the qualities of a respectable ruler, therefore Macbeth is not a truly Machiavellian character, or leader.